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背景
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Glucagon is a preprotein which is cleaved into four distinct peptides, including the hormone GLP-1 (aa 98-128). GLP-1 is a secreted hormone with multiple effects upon the intestine (gastric motility), pancreas (glucose dependent insulin release) and hypothalamic pituitary axis (modulates LH, THS, CRH, ocytocin and vasopressin secretion). It also affects plasma glucagon levels. GLP-1 is expressed in enteroendocrine L cells and neurons of the caudal brainstem which project to the forbain, the amygdala and the hypothalamus. Recent studies show pancreatic intra-islet GLP-1 expression, which is regulated by cytokines, hyperglycemia and cell injury.
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